Kokborok Khukni Kokrwbai no Rwgwi Cherwi Naimung
-Janaka Tripura
CHAPTER-1
Khukmoson
(Introduction)
Hayungni joto
simung tei swimung kokrwbairog Oral Hukumuni ebakhe khukrwbaini phaio. Borokrog
jephuru kanmung kannani, swinani swrwngyakho tei kaya maya taknani wansugyakho,
aphururu phano borog sak-sakni bisingo kothoma, kerang kothoma, rwchapmung,
kokreke, kokbwkrairog salai tonglaio, aborog khugo simi kochogwi tongo swijakya.
Bisi rasai-rasai ungkolokni kokno wansugkhe borokrogni tongthaini mari nukjagma
wngkha bolongo, bolongni malmatrog wngkha borogni ganani kwtang manwi, aboni
bagwi Borok malmatabai baksa gwdalwi borgni langmano mwthangwi tono. Saia bisi
swkang Borokrog baksaba hakoro, baksaba
buphang saka, baksaba hathairogo tongwi thangnani lama rutugo. A jora borokrogni
puila nangmani wngkha chamung, chamungni bagwi borog jotono janija thaio
hapharbai gwdalwi hukumu-mukumu swnamwi tisao, Bisi rasai-rasai swkango o hayungni
borokrogni puila swrwngmung wngkha bolongo mwiromnani(polang) tei bolongni
malmata mankhe jotono bagwi chalaio, ahaikheno bolongo thangkhe waisa waisu
chibuk sindrai sukjago baksaba thwio baksaba ganao je manmani buphang bwlai
dalo sampra kholwi sukjakma jago thebo, baksa haikheno hamwibo thango omohaikhe
twrwk twrwk borokni wansukmung kwtal achaiwi phaikha, watwi nobar kotor phaikhe
watwino kirijagwi khulumo, bwphang waphang kotorno nugkhe kirima chao, twibom, twima
twisano khulumo.ahaikhe borokrog thwinano kirijagwi thangnani lama rutugkha,
mwtai –ataino rutuknani chengglaikha, Bolongni malmatarog borokbai kwthaya
wngmani tei mwsa-mayung ni kirimungrogno borokrog wansuknani chengkha, kirinani
chengkha tei bwkhao swngmung achaikha borog sabo ? borogni yakni bahaikhe yogwi
man. Aboni bagwi borokrog haparni kwbangma manwirogno sal, tal, athukiri, hor, twi
dabi dalkhe khulumnani chenglaikha, Aphurukhe borokrog khoroksa tei khoroksano
phwrwngnani chenglaikha eba janija bwsa bwtwirogno sanani chengkha Talni kothoma,
Talni kothoma, tal salni bihik eba talo Bukhuknwi dinggibai maisuklaimarog,
abohai kothoma kokrog khukni kokrwbai wngwi hayungo achainani chengkha.
Chapter-2
Oral
sajakmani yaphang
Kokrwbaini puila
nukjakmani wngkha oral tradition eba khukrwbai,oral wngkha obohai je kokno chwng
khukbaisimi sawi, rwchabwi, kholwi, khwna tho-thogkhe khugono rwbai thepawi
samani abono ‘Oral’eba Khukrwbai. Chini chuchu bora rachi bosong rwgwi kereng
kothoma, kwcham kothoma(myth), kokbokhiri, kokreke, phumukmung, jadukolija
aborog jotono Khukrwbai eba khukni
kokrwbai. O rwbaino chwng khwnawi simi swrwngo, swijakno swrwngya, Borokrog
aborogno khorogo muitukhwlai simi narwgwi tei khoroksano sao, abono bagwi
khukrwbaio nukjagkha bosong rwgwi, dopharwgwi pherlaimani. Kwtal jorani
wansukmungbai khukrwbai eba Oralno dalnwikhe bagwimano kaisa wngkha–
(1) kereng kothoma(Folktale)
tei kaisa wngkha (2) Rwchapmung eba luku
Hukumu (Folklore).
Chart no.1.1;
Khukrwbaini dal (Type of Oral)
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Kereng
kothoma
(Folktale
)
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Rwchapmung/
luku hukumu
(Folklore)
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Kereng
kothoma (Folktale) wngkha kokbai bwtang bwtangkhe kologkhe samani aboni swijak
mang kwrwi khoroksa tei khoroksani aro khwnawi swrwngwi sajago abono kereng
kothoma. Abo wngwi mano mwtaini kothoma, Kwcham kothoma tei dalbi dal.
Rwchapmung
eba Luku Hukumu (Folklore) wngkha oro Rwchapmung simiya lobmani kokthai,
phumukmani kokthai, kapmani, kokbohiri, mwsamung, takmung, thwngmung aborog
bebak oro duljakbaio.
oral
kokthai phaikha Latin ‘Or’eba ‘os’ kokthaini, Latinbai bini kokmang
wngkha ‘Khuk’ eba English bai ‘Mouth’ jora kolokma romwi sajak
tongmabai haino hai Latin kok sanairogni bisingono o kokno ‘Oralis’ hwnwi
salaiokha. Haikheno 17th centuryo phaiwi abo ‘Oral’ hwnwi sanani
chenglaikha, khamao aboni chikonsa kaisa mangpili phunukjagkha.
Oral kokthaini
yaphang –yarwng(origin of Oral)
Figure
1.1; Bisi rwgwi oral sajakmani (use over time of oral)
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oral
wngkha chwng bukhukbai je sawi tongmani kokrog abo khunjubai khwnawi muitu
narwkmano tei khoroksano khwnathothok rwbai gwnangkhe samani abono oral wngwi
mano, koksama simiya bukhukbai borokrog je samung khaimani abonobo oral hwno,
aborog wngkha bukhukbai thwngmani, bukhukbai chamani, bukhukbai rwchapmani,
bukhukbai tail khaio, bukhukbai khorang judakhe ringo, malmatarogno ringo aborog jotono oralni hukumu,
bukhukbai
ringmani phunukmari wngkha, tokrogno-kur-kurkhe ringo, wakno-lele-lee, pun
rwkmano-gii-gii, abohai bukhukbai khorang khaimani aborog jotono oral
tradition,
2.1 Folkloreni yaphang-yarwng
Folklore kokthai khwnakheno chwng
saimano abo Engreji kokthai,banglabai hwno lokosahitya baksa lokosanskriti,lukusruti
tei lokayan, Banglaobo Folkloreni kokmamgno twiwi kisa misa jwngjal nukjago,
jesaphano wngthung Kokborok kokthaio abono chwng Lukukokrwbai,lukurwchapung,
hwnwi sawimano, tamoni hwnkhe Folk-wngkha Luku, Lore-kokrwbai,rwchapmung ,wansukmung
dalbidal wngwi mano, Folklore kokthaino puila sanai wngkha British writer William john Thomas 1846 bisio Londonni
“The Athenuam” koktuma bwlaio “Popular Antiquities” hwnwi puila
sakha. London-o “popular Antiquities”
kokthaini kokmang wngkha kwcham raida(Old custom and Usages) tei Superstition
obohairognose sao, kubui kokmang wngkha obono kusung-kusung romwi khwlai
phaimani hukumu-mukumuno hwno “popular antiquities”.Aboni bisiba ulokheno 1851
bisio London-ni Folklorist Thomas Sternberg
Folklore kokthaino thepawi kaisa bijab karikha “The Dialect and Folklore of
Northamptonshire” aphuruni simino hayung gwnangwi Folklore kokthaino swinani chenglaikha German kogo sakha-Die-Folklore, Francerog sakha-Le
folklore, Italy sakha-II Folklore, Spainrog sakha-EI-Folklore, aboni ulo 1877
bisio hainohai Londono “Folklore Society” songsajakkha, aswk kwbangma kok
sajakmani aboni yaphangle German kokni “Volkskundu” kokthainise phaio. Hayung
gwnangwi Folklore kokthaini kokmangno janija kokbai wansuknani chengkha oboni
swimung swikwrwng Suphal Bishwas bini
“lokomonon
lokosahitya” bijabni 12 pageo bo
Folkloreno tamohwn phunugwi rikha-
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German
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Volkskunde
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Greek
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Demos
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France
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Demologie
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Spain
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Demologia/Demosofia
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Swedish
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Folk
minue
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Portugal
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Demotica
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Italy
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Demologia
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Russia
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Naroduyye
Tvorchestva
|
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England
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Folk-lore
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India
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Loko-sanskriti,loko
kriti,lokoyana,lokosahitya,
|
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Tripura
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Lukukokrwbai,
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Table;1 Folklore word use different country
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Puila
Folkloreno cherna swkang ‘Folk’ tei ‘lore’ kokthaini kokmang rutuk nailaianw o
kokthaini yaphang yarwng boro,sabo puila sanani chengkha bo bisini simi o
kokthai loi khainani yaprinakha aboni laibuma aswk swrai “Folk” kothaini
kokmang tei o kokthaini yaphang-yarwng wngkha ahai- Folk wngkha engreji
kokthaibai oxford Dictionaryno rwksai naikhai “people of general”hwnwi swijak
mano,1806 bisio Germanhao “Volkskunde” sajkkha,aboni ulo 1808 bisio khoroknwi
swikwrwng Brentano tei von arnim borokni lukurwchapmung bijabo o kokthaino
swinani chenglaikha, kokborokbai omono kokswlaikhe saimano Lukurog,bosongrog,dopharog,borokrog
eba mangrog phiyaba luku kokthaino borokrog kwbangku tabukjora swinairog
sainakha,
‘Folk’ kokthai bahaikhe phaikha tola kaisa
mangpili phunukjakkha:-
Chart no. 1.2; Folk
kothaini yaphang ( origin of Folk word)
|
Folk’
kokthaini kokmangno Cambridge Dictionary sakha-“traditional to or typical of a particular group or country,especially
one where people mainly live in the countryside, and usually passed on from
parents to their children over a long period of time”.
Transcription of
Folk-UK /fəʊk/, Transcription of Folk
–US / foʊk
Lore kokthai sajakmani yaphang
LORE
Chart
no. 1.3; Lore kokthaini yaphang rwgwi sajagwi phaima( Origin of Lore)
|
Lore kokthaini kokmang rwna thangthani
kwbangma kokrwbai swinairog sakha lore ni kokmang wngkha simung(knowledge).
Lore kokthaino sana thangthani Dr. Tushar chotopadey sakha- lore kokthani
yaphang wngkha tutonic kokni bini kokmang wngkha simung ajima(gyan aharan),
abono karwibo kwcham English kokthaibai sana thangkhe LARE hwno, German kokbao
LEHER tei Dutch kokbai LEER borogbo simung eba knowledge hwnwi salaikha,
phiyaba bobohai knowledge, tamoni
Knowladge aboni swngmungbo achaio, bangle kokrwbaini swikwrwng Sufal biswas ni
bijab chisa bwkrango sakha wisdom of the
folk/Learning of the people.
1.2.1
Folklore tamono hwn? tei aboni dal-( What is Folklore
and its Types)
Folklore tamono hwn folkloreni kokmang
tamo wngnai aboni kokmang rwna thangthani kwbangma wansugkwrwngrog janija
kokmang swilangkha,aboni bising America ni Richard
M. Darson bini SDFML(standard dictionary of folklore mythology and legend)“American Folklore” bijabo sakha-“Folklore
may refer to type of barns, bread, moids, or quylts;to orally inneriteds
tale,song,saying and beliefs and also village festivals,house hold customs and
rituals, The common element in those matter in tradition”.
(Amrican Folklore)
Tei khoroksa proverb tei Riddleni
wansukkwrwng Archer taylor “Folkloreni kokmangno sakha-Folklore is the
material is nanded on by tradition either by word of mouth or by
custom and practise stop it maybe
folksong,folktale, riddleless proverb or other material presented in word” (folklore
and the student of literature)
Jora thai tongkhor swlaijakma hai
borokrogni wansukmung swimungbo swlaijagwi phaio abohaino Folkloreno twiwi hayungni kwbangma wansugkwrwngrog
Folkloreni bedek bwprano kariwi phunukkha, aborogno swina thangkhai dalkwbangma
wngwi mano hwnwi sakha, Folkloreo eba luku kokrwbaio tongmarog wngkhha- 1)Luku
kokrwbai. 2)Luku kereng kothoma, 3)Koktang, 4)Kokbokhiri, 5)Phumukmung, 6)Luku
rwchapmung, 7)Rwchapmung koklop, 8)Luku mwsamung, 9)Luku panda, 10)Luku
takmung, 11)Luku raida, 12)Luku puitu, 13)Luku Thwngmung, 14)Luku thwngmung,
15)Luku bithi, 16)luku kanrwbai, 17)Luku tammung, aborog jotono lulu kokrwbai
eba Folkloreni bedek bwpwra.
Phatar hani wansug kwrwngrog folkloreno
dal kwbangmakhe bagwi phunugkha aborogni bising America-ni Folklorist khoroksa
A.H Krappe bini soi mung ‘Alexander Haggerty
Krappe’ ‘The science of folklore’ 79 page-o folkloreno
Dalchichar (18) khe bagwi phunugkha
aborog wngkha- The merry Tale, The animal tale, The local legend, The migratory
legend, The proverb, ballad and folk song, charm, Rhyme, Formalised, custom,
Ritual, magic, superstition, animal lore,
plant lore, aborogno karwibo
soisimung(science) bwkhak omorogno sakha-mineral lore, star lore,
akorog
Folkloreni bedek bwpra bobohai wngwi man
abono phunuk thani Dr. Shyam Sundar Pradhan nini Bijab ‘KIMBADANTI: UTSO NIRNAY
O BISLESON’ origin and analysis , Page.41, bwkrango Folkloreni bagwi phunugkha-
Chart no. 1.4; Type of folklore according to Dr.Shyam pradhan
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Malmatani
kothoma
(animal
tale)
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Mwnwijaknai
kothoma
(Myth)
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Dr. Mazharul Islamni folklore dal baknano
swrwngwi kokborokobo daldokkhe bagwi mano
Folkloreno tebo daldogkhe bagwi mano
aborog wngkha -
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rem
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mung
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kokmang
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Bobo boro khobjak
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1
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Khukbai sajagma Folklore
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Omono Englishbai Formalize folklorebo hwno, omorog khukbai
simi sajago
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Kereng kothoma, koktang, phumukmung, lukupuitu, kokbokhiri,
lukumung,
|
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2
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Thwngwi nukma Folklore
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Folkloreo sakno kolwi, thwnwi eba mwsawi sirisitini
simi khai phaimani aborog wngkha thwngwi nukma folklore, omo khukbai sajagya
khwnawi tei swrwngmungbai khaijago
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Luku mwsamung, mamita, lebang, mosoksulmani,mwswi
bamani, mwkhwra walaimani, swkwi thwngmani, yakla lamani, kalua ongkhormani,
akorog
|
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3
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Puitukhaima folklore
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Sirisitini simi lukubosongo puitu khaiphaima,
dangaima-dangaiphani simi kusungre kusung ter,panda khaimani aborog.
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Mwtai-atai, mwnakpuitu, bithibwrai, ter, banik, mamita ter, lampra, noksuma,
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4
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Thwngmung folklore
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Sakno tongthokrwna bagwi eba sakhamni bagwi bwsakni
samung khaijakmarog.
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Swkwi thwngmani, wa dumlaimani, phan solaimani, wasok
lairwmani, yongla bamani, kalua ongkhormani,
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5
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Manwi-khwnwini folklore
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Dr. Islam ni bagmungo samhai khukni kokrwbairogno
karwibo wamung, takmung, swnamungrono rwgwibo folkloreno bagwi mano
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Waruk chirmung, twising, khangra, langa, nokhai,
kisip, sicching, dula, kasleng akorog
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6
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Swimung Folklore
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Luku kokrwbaio khukbai simi sajak phano baksa swijak
tongo aborogno swijak folklore hwno.
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Komthai, pali, rignai bumul, risa bumul, akorog
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Table;2 Type of
Folklore according to Dr. Mazharul Islamni
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1.2.2
Folkloreni gwrwng (Characteristics of folklore)-
·
Folklore wngkha khukbai khugo sajak kwcham wngna
nangnai.
·
Jora,thai,
tongkhor rwgwi swlaijago.
·
Folklore
kwtwl kwtal hoda-hukumubai gwdalwi sak sakni hukumuno kwchwngkhai tisao .
·
Folkloreni
gwrwngtwi naikhe oroni borokrog lekha-pora rwngya agini borok wngo.
·
Folklore
jora kolok romwi bwskango yapri seo.
·
Folkloreo
kereng kothoma, kwcham kothoma, abohairog kwbangma nukjago.
·
Folklore
bosongbai bosong rwgwi swrwngwi phaio.
·
Folkloreni
kaisa kainwi bedek sakbai thwngwi phunug jago. Phunukmari- Matita mwsamung,
Goria mwsamung, Luku thungnuk,
·
Chapter 3
Hayungni
Kereng kothomarogno Rwgwi kok kisa
ancient Egyptian kerang kothoma
|
Folktale eba kereng kothoma folklorenino
kaisa bedek, tangwi manhorya jorani simi bosong rwgwi khukbai khugo sajgwi
phaimani kwcham kothomanono kereng kothoma hwno. Jisu kristo achaimani saiba(5000)
bisi swkang kereng kothoma tongo hwnwi saimano missor tei pepiraso, Mesopotamia
civilizationni Kuneifrom Aikhorni swijak kaisa swilaio saimano, aboni ulo Greek
tei Romanni kwcham kokrwbaio. Folklorno
twiwi chernairog kereng kothomani kwcham swijak manma wngkha Missor hao,
omoni bisi swraisakhe sawi manya omono sio 2000-1700 AD rogo ‘Rung kwlwkmani’ twiwi o kothoma
swijagkha. 1250 B.C swkang Hieroglyphsni swijak kaisa mangpilio missorni kereng kothoma mano, aboni
mung ‘A-Grana’. Hayungni kwchamkuk kereng kothoma
rutukna thangkha 400 BC swkangni Greekni kokno khursana kwlaio, Athenian ni
Philosopher Platoni wansukmungno rwgwi Europeni daltham kerong kothomano
khursaimano aborog wngkha- Greek, Celtic and Norse, o kaitham
kothomao kwcham kereng khothaoma nukjagma wngkha, boroknai malmata
kwrwnglaimani, mwtairogbai borokrog kwrwnglaimao kaisa wanama swngsa kereng
kothomarog saimano, Greek tei Romanni kereng kothomao mano Phangwnang
‘Harcules’ tei ‘Abgyas’ ni kothoma mano, Didalas, Ikarasni kwcham kothoma, Hercules
phangwnang bolongni singhobai bulaimani aborog greekni kwcham kereng kothoma. Greek
kereng kothomao zeus mwnwi mwtai kotorni kothoma,* Zeus wngkha
jotoni sai kuchugo tongnai salnii bwsa salbai sursawi phunukjago.
*(COTERELL.ARTHUR,The
Encyclopedia of MYTHOLOGY ,1996,
published Hermes hous,printed china)
2.1 Chinese Kereng
Kothoma- Chineseni kerong kothoma bwkhak cherwi naikhe
chinao kereng kothoma achaikha Buddhism tongtharno rwgwi, mwtai-ataino poito
khaima bisingtwi. Chinao 4000 bisi swkangni simi kereng kothoma swijakmai
nugjago aborgni nising puila nugjgkha Chaung-ur, Pan-ku, Woufong,akorog. Taoism,
Confucianism tei Buddhani kothomano rwgi chinao kerang kothoma sajago. Chinese
kerang kothomao kokborokni kerang kothoma Khumpuini kothamabai gwdalmung
nugjago, Indian folktalebai bo gwdalmung nukjago,
2.2 Romanni kereng kothoma- Romanni kereng kothomani puila nukjagmung wngkha Augustu mungwi khorksa borokni Holongo rigwi swijak kaichinwi(12)
mwtai puitu khaima kothomani bisingtwi. Tiprasarogni chibrwi mwtaini kothoma
tongmahai Romanobo kaichinwi mwtaini twise kereng kothoma sajakna chengo, o
kaichinwi nwtairogni mung wngkha-
·
Jupiter:
The mighty king of the gods. Roman god of the sky, thunderstorms, lightning, weather
and air. Also god of law, order, justice, governance and strength. Most
important god of the Romans and usually had the highest divine authority over
other gods. Husband of Juno.
·
Neptune:
One of the brothers of Jupiter, one of the prime gods and ruler of the seas.
The patron of sailors and the protector of ships.
·
Juno: Queen of the gods and wife of
Jupiter. Goddess of Marriage and Women. Protector and Counsellor of Rome.
·
Mars: God of War, Spring and Justice.
Patron of the Roman Legions and divine father of Romulus and Remus.
·
Venus: Goddess of Love and consort of
Mars. Divine mother of Aeneas, ancestor of the Romans.
·
Bellona: Goddess of War,
Conquest and Peace.
·
Minerva:
Goddess of Wisdom, Divine Counsel, Useful Arts, Crafts and Later War.
·
Janus: God of Beginnings, Endings,
Transition, Doorways and Keys.
·
Vesta: Goddess of the Home and the
Hearth. Matron of Rome.
·
Archaic Triad: Jupiter, Mars, Quirinus.
·
Capitoline Triad: Jupiter, Juno, Minerva
·
Plebeian or Aventine Triad: Ceres, Liber, Libera,
dating to 493 BC.
(KOROVKIN.F,1981,
Ancient History In Bengali, published
in soviet union,page-304)
2.3
Indiani kereng kothoma-
Indiani kereng kothomano sina thangkhe pula kwcham bharatya sanskritni mwtai-ataini
koknono khursana kwlaio Hitopodes kothoma, panchatantra ni kothoma, jataka
koothoma, mahabharat, Ramayana, Bhagavat Gita, omorogno rwgwi indiani kwcham
kereng kothoma khursajago. cultural india wansuknairog sakha-
2.3.1
Hitopodeshni kothomano
haikhe sakha- “The Hitopadesha is a remarkable compilation of short stories.
Composed by Narayana Pandit, Hitopadesha had its origin around a thousand years
ago. In Indian Literature, the Hitopadesha is regarded more or less similar to
the Panchatantra. In the vein of Panchatantra, the Hitopadesa was also written
in Sanskrit and following the pattern of prose and verse. Hitopadesh tales are
written in reader-friendly way, which also contributed to the success of this
best seller after ‘Bhagwad Gita’ in India. Since its origin, Hitopadesa has
been translated into numerous languages to benefit the readers all over the
world.”
2.3.2 Panchatantra-
“The Panchatantra is a legendary
collection of short stories from India. Originally composed in the 2nd century
B.C, Panchatantra is believed to be written by Vishnu Sharma along with many
other scholars. The purpose behind the composition was to implant moral values
and governing skills in the young sons of the king. The ancient Sanskrit text
boasts of various animal stories in verse and prose. During all these
centuries, many authors and publishers worked hard to make these fables
accessible and readable by a layman. The grand assortment has extraordinary
tales that are liked, perhaps even loved by people of every age group.”
The Panchatantra
(also spelled Pañcatantra, in Sanskrit:पञ्चतन्त्र, 'Five
Principles') or Kalīleh o Demneh (in Persian: کلیله و دمنه) or Anvār-e
Soheylī (another title in Persian: انوار سهیلی, 'The Lights of Canopus') or Kalilag
and Damnag (in Syriac) or Kalīlah wa Dimnah (in Arabic: كليلة و
دمنة) or Kalila and Dimna (English, 2008) or The
Fables of Bidpai. (or Pilpai, in various European languages) or The
Morall Philosophie of Doni (English,
1570) was originally a canonical collection of Sanskrit (Hindu) as well as Pali
(Buddhist) animal fables in verse and prose. The original Sanskrit text, now
long lost, and which some scholars believe was composed in the third century B.C.E is attributed to Vishnu Sarma.
However, based as it is on older oral traditions, its antecedents among
storytellers probably hark back to the origins of language and the
subcontinent's earliest social groupings of hunting and fishing folk gathered
around campfires. It illustrates, for the benefit of princes who may succeed to
a throne, the central Hindu principles of Raja niti (political science) through an
inter-woven series of colorful animal tales. The five principles illustrated
are:1
·
Mitra Bhedha (The Loss of Friends)
·
Mitra Laabha (Gaining Friends)
·
Suhrudbheda (Causing Dissension Between Friends)
·
Vigraha (Separation)
·
Sandhi (Union)
1,(Visnu Sarma, The Panachatantra, translated from the Sanskrit by
Chandra Rajan, (London: Penguin Books, 1993). (This translation is from the
Jain monk Purnabhadra's 1199 C.E. so-called North Western Family
Sanskrit text that blends and rearranges at least three earlier versions.)
2.3.3 Jataka Tale -
“In 300
B.C, the Jataka Tales were written for the mankind to gain knowledge and
morality. Ever since, Jataka tales have become story books that are both
enjoyable as well as knowledgeable. Originally written in Pali language, Jataka
Buddhist tales have been translated in different languages around the world.
The luminous fables of ‘Jataka’ are intended to impart values of
self-sacrifice, morality, honesty and other informative values to people”
{(http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-folktales/)time-2;30pm,date-13-04-2017}
2.4 Bibleni Kothoma-
Aborogno karwibo swami kwcham Bibleni (old Testament) kothomano rwksawi naikhai
saimno swkango borokrog mwtairogbai koksalaiwi tonglaimarog saimno,
Bibleni Genesis chapter naikhe saimno puila kaitor bwphang waphang borok
tei malmata swnamkha aboniulo borokrog bai malmatarog kwrwnglaimung thangsa,
tongmabo thansa phiya simaphang bwthai chamani ulo borokrog sumsokgo kwlaiwi
kaitorbai chalnani nangkha, tei soitan chibukni aro habwi borokno phemlokmabai
borokbai malmatani halokbo chalwi thangkha, oro chwng nugkha borok, malamata,
soitan tei kaitor borogni bising kwrwnglaimung, nukjago ulo kagwi thangmani,
aro kaisa kebengmungni mari mano abo wngkha malmata bai borok chalmani, aboni
ulo borokrog kaitorbai chalwi haparrogbai kwrwngnani nangkha, borokrog aphuruni
simi wansukmung, simung phaikha, buphangno nugkhe khulumkha, twino nugkhe
khulumkha, watwi-nobar-satungno khulumkha, abono tabukni folkloristrog Animism hwnwi sakha. Ahikhe hayungo
borok ernani chengkha kusung kusung jora romwi borokrog abono khukbai khugo
salaiwi, laiphaijak jorano muitu khailaikha. kwcham kereng kothomani thwnggwrwngrog(Characters) wngkha Nobar, watwi,sal, tal, mwtai atairogno
rwgwi mang sajago abono karl maxni theory rwgwi ‘Solar Theory’ hwnwi sajago. Tamoni hwnkhe joto kwcham kothomaro
salno kitingwino kothoma sajago (lokosanskriti
Methodology,sanad kumar mitra,page52).
Folktaleni
eba kerong kothomani kokmangno (International encyclopedia of social science
vol.5 and 6) bijabo sakha, “.... prose
narratives that are regarded as fiction
are called folktales. They usually recount the adventure of animals or humen, but ogres and even deities may
appear in them. A variety of subtype maybe distinguished including drolls or
noodles, trickster tales, tall tales,
dilemma tales, formulistic tales and moral tale or fables. Folktale are known as marchen in German. The have been known as
fairy tales in English, but this is
inappropriate both because fairies seldom appear in folktales and because narrative about fairies
are usually regarded as true.
The
distinction here between truth and fiction refers only to the beliefs of those who tell and hear these tales and not to our
belief , to historical or scientific fact, or to any ultimate judgement of
truth and falsehood. In diffusing from one society to another, a myth or legend
maybe accepted without being believed, thus becoming a folktale, in the
borrowing society”
(International
Encyclopaedia of social science, vol.5 and 6)
2.5 Kokborok kereng kothomani kokyaphang-
Tripura hasteni kereng kothomani
laibumano rwgwi nainakhe Tiprasa luku bosongrog hukkhai chalaimani molo teisa
kiphilwi thangna kwlaio, jeswk bwskango phaikha amswkno teisa ungklokni kokno
wansugna nango, tamoni hwnkhe a joraono kubui hukumuni mangpili nukhoro, burchwk
burarog samlaima tongo Dongoima-Dongoiphani simi Tiprasarogni thangnani kaisa
lama wngkha huk, hukno kitingwino hukumu mukumu, rwchapmung, mwsamung, kothoma,
kereng kothoma, dalbida achaikha. Bisi kwbangma swkang Tipra luku bosongo
swrwngmungni boyar kwrwikho. Aphuru borokrog hukno kitingwi, chamung-numung
ajio,bolongo tongmabai bolongni malmatani yakni Katina bagwi bwphang saka nok
tango, eba Giring kuchukkhe tangwi tongthai swnamo, aboni bagwino kwcham jorao
kokbork kereng kothomaobo malmata tei borokni mangno kwbangkug gwrwng nukjago.
Borokrogni langmao pula chamung ajinani wansugmungse phaio, ulose simung,
wansugmung achaio, chamungni bagwi borokrog hukni samung paikhe bolongo mui
naitugo, mui naitugmani bisingtwi bolongni malmata romnani bolongni malmatabai kwrwnglaima nukjagkha, “Bura burichwk tha kaimani” kereng
kothomao bolongni mwkhwrarog Bura-Burichwk Tha kaimano khurwi chamani
nugjagkha, S.Thompson ‘motif index of folk literature’-o Motif
kokthai omonibagwino sajgkha Kokborok kereng kothomaobo malmatarogbai borokrog
koksalaio. chibuk hasikiri kothomao chibuk
tei borokni kothoma sajagmao chibukno kwbangkuk kirima singsakhe phunukjakgkha,
Dongoi eba khumpuini kereng kothomao
Borok bai malmata thansa tongwi manya obo hoda gosiya abohai hodani radarogbo nugjago,
abohai kwbangma kereng kothoma sirisitini simi Tiprasa lukubosongo Huk khai
chaphuruni simi Borokrogbai malmata kwrwnglaimani nugjagkha, kwrwngmani
bisingtwi Borokrog malmatarogbai choba wngnani chengkha, abohaikhe Kokborok
kereng kothomao hodani raida tei mangpilibo nugjago, paithago lukubosongno
kokkwcharmung phwrwng tei lukubosongni
laiphaijak kokrogno kereng kothomani bisingtwi muitu manrwo.
Kokborok kereng kothoma kwbangkugno khugbai khugo kochogwi tongo, swijakya
khwnaya achwi achuni thani khwnawi phaio, Tiprasa luku bosongo kererng kothoma
chwrairogni bagwi simi sajagkukmani kwbangkuk nukjago, kereng kothomano omaohai
jora sajago jephuru chwrairog thuya eba kok khwnaya wngwi tongkha a jora
chwrairogno bandinani bagwi kirima singsa kereng kothoma, mwnwi kothok kereng
kothoma, Burasa mwtaini kothoma dalthwgwi sajago, haikhe chwrairog
khwnathokjagwi, kirijagwi, thuo ebakhe khao tongthokjagwi khwnao. Aboni bagwi
kereng kothomao kubui tei magic,motif dalokjak hwnwi phatarhani wansuk kwrwng
folklorist Dr.verar elwin sakha- “The
‘Magic article’ motif probably originated in the east and spread thence across
the world”
2.6 Kereng kothomani dal (Type of folktale )-,,
Hayungo Folkloreni twi samung khainairog
kereng kothomano kwbangma raida twi khagwi phunugkha, aboni bising tongo
jotonisai sinijakma wngkha “Type and motif index” o Raidano puila swnamnai
wngkha 1955 bisio Stith ‘Thompson’ hayung gwnangwi o Raidabai no folktaleni
swikwrwngrog samung tangnani chengkha. 1971 bisio Finland Universityni ‘Finisha
Literary society’ni Professorrog o raidatwi swinani chengo.
puila Americani STITH THOMPSON tei Finlandni ANTTI AARNE Folkloreni lama kolokma
samung tangmani bisingtwi hayungni kereng kothomano bebak dal-dalkhe bagwi
phunugwi rikha, borogni swijak bijab “The Types of the Folktale” o bijabo
hyungni joto kereng kothomano 2499 dalkhe bagkha. Borogni mote joto kereng
kothomanono kaisa Types swnamwi rimanise, khamao kereng kothomani dalrogno A,B,C,D...Z
jorakhe bagwi phunugkha- Puila Type system rwgwi ‘Stith Thompson’ bini Bijab
‘Motif Index of Folk Literature’ o mathematical numberbaikhe Mythological motif
no A0-A2899,Animal(B0-899) numberbai bagwi phunukkha.
|
A.
MYTHOLOGICAL MOTIFS (A0-2899)
B.
ANIMALS( B0-899)
C.
TABU
D.
MAGIC
E.
THE DEAD
F.
MARVELS
G.
OGRES
H.
TESTS
I.
.......
J.
THE WISE AND THE FOOLISH
K.
DECEPTIONS
|
L.
REVERSAL OF FORTUNE
M.
ORDAINING THE FUTURE
N.
CHANCE AND
FATE
O.
......
P.
SOCIETY
Q.
REWARDS AND PUNISHMENTS
R.
CAPTIVES AND FUGITIVES
S.
UNNATURAL CRUELTY
T.
SEX
U.
THE NATURE OF LIFE
V.
RELIGION
W.
TRAITS OF CHARACTER
X.
HUMOR
Y.
......
Z.
MISCELLANEOUS GROUPS OF MOTIFS
|
Table no.2.1
STITH THOMPSONni 2499 dalno jotono khobwi teisa
hainohai daltham khe bagwi phunugkha-
Kereng kothoma (Fokltale)
|
1,Malmatani kothoma
(Animal tale)
|
3, Mwnwi kothok kothoma (lughing tale)
|
Tei khoroksa Bangla sahityani
wansukkwrwng Suphal Bishwas bini ‘LOKOMONON-LOKOSHITYA’bijab 130 page no. Kereng kothomano phunugkha.
Mwtairogni kothoma
(Fairy tale)
|
Malmatani
kothoma
(Animale
tale)
|
Brotoni kothoma (Ascetial Tale)
|
2.7 Kereng kothomani gwrwngrog (Characteristic
of folktale)-
Joto kereng
kothomani gwrwng thansa phiyaba kereng kothomani bedek bwpra naiwi aboni gwrwng
juda phano wngwi mano, Kereng kothomani gwrwngrog omohai wngwi mano
·
Kereng kothoma kaisa khukni kokrwbai.
·
Joto kereng kothomano puila khukbai simi
sajagwi phaio.
·
Kereng kothomao phwrwngmung(teach a
lesson) tei kokkaham(moral) tongo.
·
Kereng kothomao kwbangkugno Borok tei
malmatani mang mano.
·
Kereng kothomao wngwi manya
manwirogno kubuikhe phunugo.
·
Kereng kothomao rwngmung tongna nagya
, lekha pora khaijagya phano kereng kothoma saimano.
·
Kereng kothomao hoda-hukumuni mari
nugjago
·
Kereng kothomao mwnwi kothok kothoma,
kirima singsa kothoma, tongthar, wngwi mano.
·
Kereng kothoma amchoi thwgwi juda-juda wngwi mano.
·
Kereng kothomano sabo swikha aboni
mung manya,
·
Chapter-4
Koborok Kereng kothomao Borok tei
Malmatani kwrwnglaima Bobohai
Tei Koborok kereng kothomani dal
Hayungo joto Hoda–dophani kereng kothomahai Kokborok luku kereng
kothomao Borok tei Malmatarogno rwgwi kwbangkuk
sajgo, o kainwi mang Borokni bwkhak tongo- Bubagra, Ochai, Randa-Randi, Hukkhai chanai, Sikla-Sikli.
Malmatani phaising mang nukjago- Mayung, mwsa, Swi, Siyal, Sinjo, Tokma,
Tokthu, Aming, Tokha, akorog. Omorogno karwibo mwtai-ataini mangbo nukjago-
Burasa, Swkal,Horni mwtai, Thwi nungnai mwtai, Nokhani mwtai, akorog. Haparni
Buphang-waphangrogbo kereng kothomao duljago aborog wngkha Chethuang,
Kuchuk kherengbar, Khumpui,akorog.
Khamao kisa gwrwngni dalno khagwi
phunukjgkha-
Kereng kothomao tonggwrwng nukjamarog
|
Chwla
Bwrwi
Ruaja
Bubagra
Randa
Randi
Ochai
Barua
Akorog..
|
Mwsa
Mayung
Chubuk
Sindwrai
Sinjo
Kerang
Mwswi
Masandwi
Akorog..
|
Chethuang
Kuchuk
-kherengbar
Khumpui
Majilata
Buriphang
Mandago-
buphang
Akorog..
|
Burasa
Swkal
Noksuma
Twini
mwtai
Chkrama
mwtai
Sangrongma
Akorog...
|
Nokha
Chumwi
Nobar
Watwi
Satung
Akorog...
|
Tripurao Kokborok sanairog kaichar Dopha tongo borog wngkha Debbarma, Reang,
Jamatia, Tripura, Murasing, Kalai, Rupini, Uchoi.. o kaichar dopharogni kereng
kothoma amchai rwgwi kisamisa pherlaimung nukjago, bhaikhai pherkha aboni kokno
wnsugkhe chwng saimano, kereng kothomani gwrwng wngkha khukbai khugo simi
sajagwi tongo swijakya, aboni bagwi jora,thai tei tongkhor swlaijakmahai bini
kothoma kisa-misa swlaijagwi thango. Bisi kwbangma swkang Tiprasa lukubosongo
tei Borokrogni thangsung langmao bolongni malmatarog wngkha borogni ganani
manwi. Chwng saimano Tiprasani hoda achaima yaphang wngkha huk chawi kami khamni bisingtwi, Huk kwrwngsa thaio
chaya, bolong hakra bolong kuthuko thangwi huk swlai chao, haikheno bolongni
tongmung-chamungno tei dal-bidal manwirogno nugwi Borokrogni wansukmug
swlaijagwi phaio, mwtai-atai, burasa, swkal, bolongni mwtai hwnwi mung pharnani
chengo,
Tiprasarogni kwcham hukumuno rwksai naikhe Tiprasarogni mwtai omono
kaisa hwnwi kwrwi, kwcham jorani simino Huk chawi bolong walwngbai gwdalwi
tongmabai bolongni malmata,bwphang-waphang, twima-twsa, hathai haphungno, sal,
tal, athukiri, watwi, nobar, pherangno khulumo, abohaikheno haparbai kwrwngwi
kwtal kwtal wansukmung khorksa tei khoroksano salainani chengkha. Khaobo
kirimung phaikha bolongo dalbidal malamtarogno nugwi, bwphang kotor,
burasarogno nugwi abohaikheno, yokmungni lama rutuklaikha, mwtaino surinani
khulumnani swrwngkha, simungni bisingtwi chobakhai thangwi tongnnai swrwngkha. Aphurukhe
saimankha thangwi tongnai hwnkhe bolongni manwibai choba khaina nangnai, o
jorano eba pirino thangnani bagwi choba hwnjago. Ahaikheno borokrog malmatabai
kwrwnglaimao nukjagkha -choba wnglaima, kwthalaima, kaijaklaima, dalbidalkhe
nukjagkha. Kokborokni kereng kothomao malmatarogni gwrwng phunukyakhe kereng
kothoma wngwise manya, kwbangkukno malamtarogni gwrwng nukjago- Nuaini kereng
kothoma, khumpuini kereng kothoma, kuchuk kherengbar, chibuk hasikiri,
hulok,kerangnai mwswi, tokthu bai bwrchwk bura, ualaibai kenjua mura,
3.1 koborok kereng kothomao bo dalo
bahaikhe nukjagkha-
Kokborokni kereng kothomano kubunni raidao bakmahai koborok kereng
kothomanobo dalchar(8) khe bagwi mano
bagwi mano..
1.Malmatani
Kereng kothoma
|
2. Raida rwkjak kereng kothoma
|
3.bosong rwkjak kereng kothoma
|
4. Nukhung
khamani kereng Kothoma
|
5.
Butuani kereng kothoma
|
6.Mwtairogni
kereng kothoma
|
7. mwnwi
kothok kereng kothoma
|
Chart
no; 3.1 . Kokborok kereng kothomani dal
|
3.1.1 malmatani kereng kothoma- kereng kothomani kwbangma bedek bwprani bising malamatani kereng kothoma
wngkha kwchamkuk, kereng kothomao kwcham jorani simi Borokrogni tongmung
chamung hai malmatarogni tongmung-chamungno
kereng kothomao borokroghai kheno nukjago. Kokborokni kereng kothomao
malmatarogno siya-rwngya haikhe nukya borogbo borokroghai koksao, borokroghai
tongmung chamung phunugo, malmatarog waisa waisu borogni chamung wngo, waisa
wisu pusijaknai manwi, waisa-waisu lama phunuknai tei achwi-achu hwnjago,
ahaikhe Kokborok kereng kothomao gwrwng nukjago, folktaleni baksa
wansugkwrwngrog khakhaio hayungo puila kok achainai kereng kothomao
malmatarogni kokse. Aboni bagwino hayung gwnanggwi joto hoda-dopha tei ha rwgwi
kereng kothomao malmatarogno koksamani borokrogbai kwrwng mani nugjgo, omo
wngkha wansugmani kokse,
Kokborok kereng kothomao malmatarog nugjakha mayung, chibuk, mwkhwra,
sinjo, wak, yonggwla, mwswi, aming, musuk, thwk, ahh, akorog. Borgbai
Borokrogni halok kwrwngma nukhung kaisani borokhai, aboni phunukmari nugo-
Bwrchwk bura tha kaimani kereng kothomao bwrchwk-burabai bolongni mwkhwrarog
koksalaimani, mwkhwrarog tha kaiwi tonmani, oro
mwkhwrarogse boroknisai siyan gwnangkhe nukjagkha.
3.1.2 Raida rwkjak kereng kothoma- koborok kereng kothomao haparbai gwdalwi borokrog tongthani borokrog
okra chakrani ko khwnaya wngwi bolongni malmata khawi thangmani nukjago, hodao
kaisa phwrwngmung rwo malmatani gwrwngbai, chwng ‘Mayung saggwnangma’ kereng
kothoma khwnakhe saimano Bukhuknwirog buma samni uturgala twi tatukudi hwnwi
samni kok khwnaya wngwi mayung
sakgwnangma khawi thangmani. Omhai kaisa manwini tei kaisa wngmani kokno
aphatar hani Folktelni twi cherwi nainai wansuknairog “TOTEM” hwnwi mung rwkha,
totem wngkha kaisa raida, takhaidi hwnmano khwlaimani,
Teibo nugkha kuchuk kherengbar kereng kothomao kherengbar bubarno kholw
takandi mwtaini swraimung nangnai hwnwi mwtai sakhwlaimani kokno khwnaya wngwi chwla
bwrwi hulok tei muphuk khawi thangmani nugo, kereng kothomao borokni khuktwibo
swraimung rwjagkha kherengbar khumno “thinango chwng kwnwini kothoma sajakna
tongkhe o kherengbar bubarbo tini simi tei tamotom sithun” aphuruni simi
kherengbar motomliya tabukbo, tei hulok bai muphuk nuklaikhe tabukbo khaklap
buo aboni mari wngkha hamjaklaimungni mari, kereng kothomani bisingtwi kubuini
marino tabukbo nugo.
3.1.3 Bosong rwkjag kereng kothoma- Bosong rwkjak kereng kothomao nukjagkha kaisa bosongni borokrog tei
kaisa bosongno satok-pitok khaimani, o
bohai koktuma mano paithago satokjagnairog bolongni malmata wngwi thangmani
kokbo mano, ‘koktasadi’ kereng
kothomao nukjagkha kainwi bosongni borokno, kaisakhe gwnang bosong eba bubagra
bosong, tei kisakhe Kamini hukkhai chanai bosong. Kereng kothomao nukjagma
wngkha Kami khungsao khoroksa Bubagra bini birindiarog Bubagrani seleng swnamna
bagwi kamini jotoni sai bwrwi naithokrogno romwi Bubagrani aro twlango, amohai
jora a kamio hukkhai chanai nukhungni burwi sikli khoroknwi tongo borogni goron
naithokmani “mailwma’ tei ‘Khulungma” swk. Abono twiwi bini ma-pha songbo
wanajak buphurubo bini bwsajwksongno romwi twlangjakno siya, salsa buma-bupha
huko thang tongma jora bwsajwksongno sawi kwlangkha ang phaiyasak norok nokni
ta-ongkhordi, kokbo tasakaidi, ayango
bubagrani birindiarogbo kaimi mariwi naituk phaima jora, borogni Gairing
ganatwi laimani jora a bukhuknwi bwrwi bumani koknaya wngwi bahanok koksama
khwnawi, Bubagrani birindiarog borogno romwi twlango, ulo Bubagrani nogo tongwi
borog bukhuknwirog khao tongwi tongthok manyawngwi hor-sal kapmang kapmang thwi
thangkha, ayng masingo borok bolongni tok gwngwi thangkha. O kereng kothomao
nukjagkha bosong kotor bosong chikonno
satokmani paithago bolongni malmata wngwi thangmani, bolongni malmatarog wngkha
yokjak, borog hukbo khaiya, tabo tangya, borog ahaino chamung manwi tongo,
aboni bagwi oro tongthokmungni thai wngkha malmatarogni, obohaikhe bolongni malmatarogbai
kereng kothomao sursamani mano.
‘Masandwini’ kereng
kothomaobo bosong kotor tei chikon, phangwnang tei phan kwrwini mangpilino
phunugkha, o kothomao Mayung tei masandwini mangno phunugo, mayung wngkha
bolongni jotonisai kotor tei phangwnang,
Masandwikhe chikon bosongni, masandwi chikonphano bini bisubai mayungni bikhumuno
surwi nainani koikha, saboni hilik,
phiyaba oro mayung pailiya, oro malmatarogni bosongbai borok bosongni halokno
sursawi phunugkha, chikon eba tolao kwlaijak bosongrog kotorbai tongnakhe
bobohaikhe tongnani nag, tei kaisa oro kwplaikhe tongnani koktunbo mano. Kereng
kothomao malmatarogni grwngbai borokni hoda halok kwrwnglaijak, kereng
kothomani bisingtwi saimano malmatani bosongobo boroknihai kuchuk hache, kotor
chikon hoda nukjago, aboni bagwi kereng kothomao malmatarogni mang eba gwrwng
nangkugmani.
3.1.4 Nukhung khamani kereng kothoma- Kokborok kereng kothomao borok
tei malmatarogbai halok kwrwnglaiwi bwsa-bwtwikhe nukhung khalaimani nugkjago,
“Juangkhapha” kereng kothomao bolongni
mwkhwra jara bai sikli khorksa nukhung mairang khawi bwsa bwtwi manwi paithago
tongwi manya wngwi bwrwi kharwi thangmani nukjago, orokhe kwcharo kaisa
kebengmung nukjagkha, o kebengmung wngkha borok tei malmata halok kwrwnglaimanya,
malmatarog borok haiya, phiyaba borognibo kaisa muchungmung tongo, o
muchungmung wngkha borokbai baksa
tongnnani. Nukhung khamungni o kereng kothmao nukhungni manwi khwnwirogno swrai
swraikhe phunugkha aborog wngkha, chini lukubosongni mukumu chakhwi-khok,
thapa-hor, nokni aming, kwbangma nukhung khana thangkhe tamo tamo manwi nang
abono phunugkha, Phiyaba omono hoda gosiya borokrog tongwi manya ononose
phwrwngna naio,.
‘Chetuang’ ni kereng
kothomaobo bukhuknwi bwta bahanok nukhung khana naimano hoda gosiya wngwi
paithago haparni manwibai kwrwngmani nukjago, haparni manwi khwnwirog Buphang,
waphangni simi chengwi malmata toksa, toktwi, jotono boroknbai kwrwnglaimani
kereng kothomao mano. Chethuang kereng kothomao nukhung khungsani borok
thwi kaisani bwta bahanok kaijakkhe
tamowng? Kereng kothomao kamini borokrog eba ma-pharog borogno kainani naikha,
phiyaba bwrwini bisingtwi mwtairog abono mwthaknani naikha, tei imango bwrwino
chethuang buphango kawi nokha sakao kawi thangnani sakha, Tiprasa luku bosongo
tongmung a jorao buta bahanok kaijagkhe tabuk jora chini hodaobo o raida tongwi
tongkhamun. Kokborok luku kereng kothomani bisingtwi tei kaisa kubuini mari
tabukbo nukjagwi tongo, abo wngkha chethuangni tabukbo bosok kwrwi, a jora
bwrwi chethuang buphango khawi bosok kaphai kwlangmabai tabukbo chethuangni
bosok kwrwi.
3.1.5 Butuani kereng kothoma- kwtal jorabai kwrwngna swkang borokrog hoda hukumuno swnamnani bagwi lama
kolokma himwi phainani nangkha, kwbangma thaio deramung tei butuani samungbo
tangnani nangkha, Kokborok kereng kothomaobo butuani mangpli nukjago, malmatani
kereng kothoma sajakthani kotor malmatani sai chikonrog siyan gwnang nukjagkha.
Je malmata sakbai mangbai kotor borogkheba butua khe phunugjakkha,
‘Siyalsani’ kereng kothomao
saimano siyalsa hatio thngwi khoroksa burani tok phalmano nugwi chana
muchungjakmani nugwi tongwi manliya, burani aro thangwi swngwikha, achu bura
nini tok bwswkkhe phalnai ani anghikno samungrwnani bagwi painani, bura
sapungni mai chajakya bini tokno mwrwknaibo kwrwi, maibo machaya, siyalsano
nungwi sakha- siyalsa nwng ani tokno nai tongsokgradi ang nogo maitulu khobsa
chawi phaigrana, siyalsa sakha tawanadi achu ang joto nai tongnai tei bui paina
phaikhe phalwi rwnai, haikhe bura mai chana thangsani Pinjwrani chobjak joto
tokno chawi paikha, chabaiwi siyalsani totwrao pinjwra kwchawi sokogwise
manliya, ayang bura bo phainani naikha
tamo khainai pala manjakya wngwi pinjwra totwrao kanjakkhai kharwi thangkha.
Ulo Bura phainai phaiba bini tok masa phano kwrwi tok bikhumubai bwthwi simi
kwlaijak, Bura siyalsano jolijagwi rwktharwi thangkha, bolong kuthugo thangwi
siyalsa bini totwrani pinjwrano tei sokogwise manliya, ahaikhe tongmang atomsa ganao
mwsamabai malaikha siyalsa mwsamano sakha –mwsama ayang khwnagwradi, nini
nwsairog hatini muihan pai rohormani ang rujuwi
matubukha abono kisa sokogwi narwkgradi, haikhe mwsama siyalsani kokbai
sokogwi rikha tei siyalsa kharwi thangkha. Abohai siyan gwnang tei butua malmatarogbai borokrogno kokkwcharmung
phwrwngo.
‘Kerangsani’ kereng kothomao nugkha Hachwktibai Hachwkrai chana mai kwrwi nukhungo
bwsa masa suchu kwlwi bwsa manjamani, salsa bolongo mwi rutukna thangthani
Kerang masa manbukha, borog hiksangnwi wansugkha a kerangno mui songwi tonkhe
chawanu chwngno waisa waisu chubaanw, salsa hachwktibai hachwkrai huk tangna
thanglaikha, hukbo borogni gairing ganao, haikhe kerangsano sawi kwlangkha
chwng huk tangna thangnai nwng kwlwi bwsano waying narwi tongdi, kapkhahwnkhe
sahordi tei thailik kwtwirog kwlangwi thangkha kwlwibwsa kapkhe charwnani
bagwi, kerangsa kwlwibwsani thailik kwtwino chana muchungjagwi kwlwibwsano kisa tongkheno kichigwi kaprwo,
kwlwibwsa thuma sisakhe bini thailikno chana sano hwnwi bumano sawi, kwlwini
thailikno chanani. Ahaikheno kerangsa swrapsa tongkheno kichigo tei kwlwibwsa
kapkhe buma kiyok-kiyok khwnawi kerangsano swngo kwlwibwsa tamoni kap,
kerangasa sao thailik chana sano, buma thailik charwna dagio phiya kerangsa
bono charwya bebakno bo monogwi khibio, ahaikhe joto chabaiwi, kwlwibwsano
yakarwi kharwi thango. O kereng kothomao borokrog malmatabai kwrwnglaithani
waisa waisu butua wngmani nukjago, oro kerang bo bolongni malamata hwnphano
Boroknisai bwswk siyan gwnang obono phunugo, Butuani kereng kothoma bakmario
borok tei malmatani mangno jeba kaisa butuakhe sajgo,
3.1.6
Mwtairogni Kothoma- koborok kereng kothoma bakmario mwtairogni kothomano kaisa judakhai
nawi mano, Kokborok luku kereng kothomani dal kaisao nukjagkha Mwtairogni ruai
manwi borokrog hamwi chawi tongmani tei babaisa nugo swraimung chawi hamya
lamao thangmani, kaisa kubuiya wansukmung (Fiction) phaio(1), omo
hai kothomaobo bolongni Malmatarog
mwtaini mang nagwi,mwtairog nukjagyaphano khorangbai kwrwnglaimung kereng
kothomao sajago. Kwcham jorao borokrog puitu khaio je Borokrog thwikhe
mwtai-atai, burasa khawi thango swkal mwtai wngo, aboni bagwi borokrogni khao
kaisa kirimung phaio tei borogni yakni katiwi tongnani bagwi pun tok-tharwi
barogo, samung rio, ahaikhe khaikhe mwtairog khakwchangjago hwnwi borokrog
khakao. Ahaikheno Kokborok kereng kothomao kwcham jorani huku-mukumuno romwi
mano,
1,(Rai,Arunduti,2000,TRIPURA
UPAJATI LOKAKATHA SAMAJ O RUPTATWA,TRI, govt of Tripura,Agartala)
3.1.7 Mwnwi kothok kereng kothoma- Mwnwi kothok kereng kothomao Butuarogno twiwino sajago. Mwnwi kothok
kothomao kubun kothomani saiphano lukurog hamjago, chikon chikon kothomarog sak baksa sak chalairogni
bisingono salaima nugo, agirogo nukjago mwngsaswk mwtaini ter, pandarog bwrwiro
hopung broto tonglaio, abohai hopung thuyawi tongna nangmabai borokrog
jorakolokma o mwnwi kothok kereng kothoma salaiwi jora lairwo, sikla-siklirogbo
jainokrog sawi mwnwilaio, Kokborokni kereng kothomao mwnwi kothok kothoma
wngkha -Yamroksa , Hadulsabai-walaisa, selersa, siyalsa akorog..
Joto Kereng kothomani kokmang kaisabai
kaisa kwrwnglaijak bahaikhe hwnkhe kaisa kereng kothomao mwnwi kothok simiya aro khakhama, tongthokma,
wanamabo tongo, aroni bising thwnggwrwngno(character) kwbangkuk mokol kaijago,
Yamroksa kereng kothomao kwbangmano yamrokni thwnggwrwngno maokl kaijago,
o kereng kothomao butua wngma simiya
bini thwnggwrwngo tei kothai thepamao kaisa mwnwimung goron mano. Kereng
Kothomano cherwi naikhe saimano – Yamroksani kereng kothoma dal kwbangma tongo,
aborogni bising kaisa kothoma wngkha ahai, sal kwbangma swkang Yamroksa mungwi
borok khoroksa tongmani, salsa bo buphang bedego achugwi yaphango ruabai tanwi
tongma jora kamini chakra khoroksa a
jora lama ganatwi laima jora Yamroksano nugwi sao, Yamrok nini buphang tanmato
chayakho nwng buphangbai baksano
kwlainaikha, Yamroksa chakrani kok khwnayawino buphang tanwi tongo, ulo swrapsa tongkheno yamroksa
buphangsakani brumsa kwlaikha, logilogi a chakra Yamroksano Thwikha-thwikhaa
hwnwi sochaphaikhe, yamroksa yakung-yakrog kukbaikha,ulo a chakrasa thangwi paima ulo yamroksa bini khao kaisa
khao habwi tongrwkkha abo wngkha bo thwi thangkha, a chakrasa kok khao nangjagwi yamroksa wansukkha ang thwise
thangkha hwnkhe ani bwsakba mwnamwi sogwise thangnaikha ang tei ahaikhe tongwi
chaliya hakor chogwi phobjak paima chao hwnwi, hakhor khurwi bokhorok simi
lupapakhe phobjagwi tongkha,
Sakani o khaksa kothomao Yamrokni Butua samungno khwnawi khao kaisa
mwnwi mung phaio, abo wngkha borokni tongmungno nugwi khao tongthokmung rio, o
tokmung eba tongthomungno kereng kothomani phola, kereng kothomano kwtangkhe
tonnai,
Yamroksani tei kaisa kothomao nugkha bolongni tokthubai koksalai mani o
kothoma Tripura dophao kwbangkuk sajago abo wngkha ahai., Yamroksa salsa
buphabai hatini kwtwi paiwi chrwphaijagmani kwtwi machawi belaino thokjagkha, thokjagma
marwi buphayung songni bukhuk, khanggarog swlagwi chasio, abono bupha nugwi
tongwi manliya rang khoksa yapharwi rikha hatini paiwi chaphainani bagwi, haikhe kwtwini mung
Banglabai manya wngwi buphano swngwi nakha , kwtwino banglabai ‘Gur’ hwno.
Salsa Yamroksa kwtwi paina hwnwi hatio thangkha, gur-gur-gur hwnwi, tamoni
hwnkhe Yamroksa belaino bwkha koplok,
3.2 Malmata tei Borokni gwrwng kereng
kothomabai phatarhani kereng kothoma bwswk soklai (Kokborok folktale)
Kubun luku bosongni kereng kothomarogbai Kokborokni kereng kothomao
gwrwng rwgwi boro pherlai tei boro sollai naina thangkhe nukjago, phatar hani
kereng kothomabai kisa misa sollaimani nukjago,
a)
Malmatabai Borokrog kaijaklaimani kothoma
Kokboroko ‘Juangkhafa”ni kereng
kothomao mano, o kothomao Mwkhwrabai Borok kaijagwi nukhung khamni tei bwsa
bwtwi wngwi paithago bwrwi tongwi manya wngwi kharwi thangmani. Abohaino phatar
hani kereng kothomaobo Borokrogno Malmatani Bosong hwnwi chongwi najagkha, ‘Pallab
sen Guptani’‘Mandan Red Indian Rupkatha’
Bijabo Rad Indianrogni kaisa kereng kothomao kokborokni kereng kothoma gwrwngbai
sollai mani nukjagkha. Aro kaisa kothoma mano khoroksa borok bolongni tokrogbai
kaijakmani, bolongni, takhumbai kaijakmani, a borokni nok-huk kwrwi salsa nok
tangna hwnwi bolongo buphang tanna thangmani, bolongo habwi masandwi nukkhe
Masandwibai kaijagkha, bobai tongte chate noktangkha ulo bihik masandwino
sakha- ang kwbangma tok nukkha borogno romna thangnai, romna thang thani
tokrognobo kaijagkha, tokni bising Takhumbai kaijagkha, Salsa bini bihiksong
takhumraja mwsamung kailaio, ajora bwsai mokol kholobwi rwchabwi tongphuru bini
bihiksong jotono kharwi thangbaikha. Kokborok kereng kokthomakhe bwrwi tei Red
Indianrogni kothomakhe chwla.
b)
“Sipingtwi-Mairungtwi”
kereng kothomao phatar hani kereng kothomabai kisa-misa sollaimani nukjagkha,
kokborokni o kothoma wngkha ahai- Nok kuridok
nokdok kamini huk khai chanai chakra khoroksani bihik khoroknwi tongmani, okra bihikni bwsa
khoroksa mung Sipingtwi, bihik kusuni
bwsa khoroknwi mung Agurai bai Mairungtwi, borokni nogo mungsani phano biyal
kwrwi tongthok-chathokkheno laio. Salsa Sipingtwini buma thwijagwi bo birmano
kwlaijao tei bahanokbaino tongna kwlaikha, haikheno salsa Sipingtwi Bubagrani
Bihik wngnani nangkha, ayang bahanok Mairungtwi mumabai tongwi buphabo thwijak
birman mannai nagkha. Sipingtwino Bubagra nuyungmao koktungrohorkha koktun
manwi sipingtwi bumano nainani nogo phaio, nogo phaiphuru Mairungtwi bibino
buthar khibio tei Sipingtwini kamchwlwi
nawi Bubagrani nogo thango, paithago bolongni malmatarogni jarwi Sipintwini
kothoma saimanwi Mairungtwini kwpalhamya wngwi thwinanni nangkha, Sipingtwi
hainohai Bubagrani bihik wngwi tongkha.
Sakani O kereng kothomabai Hayungni jotonisai kaham kereng kothoma Germanni
“Cinderella” kothoma sollaimani
nukjago o kothomaobo bukhuknwi bwrwi tongmani
borog duku-birma nangjak, Cinderellano ulo khoroksa Rajkumar
khaphurjagwi kaijago tei nukhung khawi
tonglaio ulo bahanokni kenabai Cinderella birmano kwlaimani o kothomao mano. Kokborok kereng kothomabai
Germanni kothomao Malmata tei borokni mango malmatani gwrwngno nangkugmani mari
phunukjagkha.
Kokborokni mojomo kothomano sollaimani nukjago, ‘Thampuimani kereng
kothoma’ bai ‘Jack and the Beanstalk’
"The
Story of Jack Spriggins and the Enchanted Bean" 1734 bisio Benjamin Tabartbai
thumjak kothomao mano.
‘Khumpuini’ kereng kothomabai Chineseni kereng
kothoma “Legend of the white Snake”
sollaimani mano, khumpuini kothomao chibuk tei borokni halok kwrwngwi manya
hwnwi chibukno tanwi khibimani hai chineseni kereng kothomaobo chibuk kuphurno
borokni yakni yakagrwi chobwi tonjago.
Chapter-4
Kereng kothomani Borok
tei Malamta mangni Hodao bobohai
kokkwcharmung man
Kereng kothoma wngkha hodani mukumuno pirirwgwi saimanrwmani kaisa lama
tei hoda dophao borokrogni thani kereng kothomani bisingtwi phwrwngmung rwo.
Borokrog kereng koothoma khwnawi kirimung, chwbamung, nakarmung tei samung
hamya khaimarogno yakarnani swrwngo aborog jotono hodani kaisa kokkwchwrmung.
Dale-dal Kereng kothoma tongmahai kokkwcharmungbo dale-dalkhe rwo.
Kereng kokthomani bisingtwi hodao kokkwcharmung Phunukmari khamao
rwjagkha-
Nuai eba Nawini kereng kothomao khumati tei Kormoti bukhuknwini bising
khumoti sak kosom bwkhabo kisa kosom, Khumoti bahanok kormotino kisa jolimabai
waying phankhe narwi rwmabai Kormoti twio kwlaiwi Bual ahh bai chai khibijago, ulo Khumotini bwpha
jolijagwi takhuk kotor swnamwi chobwi tonjago, ulo khumotibo Nuaini bwkwrang
sanwi birwi thango. O kereng kothomani bisingtwi lukurogno agini simi tabuk
jora phwrwngwi tongkho, borokrog phatsa jolimabai samung hamya tangnani kokya,
oro khumoti bahanokno kisa jolimabai kwmajagkha, Khumotibo muchungtwi
khaimaniya bini jolimungse chaya, paithago Nuairogni thani bwkwrang sanwi
Nuaibai baksa birwi thango. Omo hodao, Luku bosongo phwrwngmung rio.
“Siyalsa”ni kereng kothomao nugkha siyalsa salsa hatio thangmani Tokhan
chana muchung jagwi, tei Hatini chakra khoroksano Tok phalwi tongmani sapung
mai chajakya hwnwi Siyalsani yago yapharwi kwlango, ulo Siyalsa a Tokno joto
chawi kharwi thango. O kereng kothomani bisingtwi kokkwcharmung mano Borokrog
butua wngkhe samungo chukya, Siyalsa bo Tok nugkhe tongwise manya, bonose tok
mwrwkrwi kwlango hwnkheba tokba boro tongsinaiba. Oro kereng kothomani
bisingtwi borokrog nono phwrwngmung rio chwng borokno naiwi borokbai kwrwng
nani nango.
Chapter 5
Rosamung(Conclusion)
Kokrwbaini
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